• ISSN: 2010-023X (Print)
    • Abbreviated Title: Int. J. Trade, Economics and Financ.
    • Frequency: Quaterly
    • DOI: 10.18178/IJTEF
    • Editor-in-Chief: Prof.Tung-Zong (Donald) Chang
    • Managing Editor: Ms. Shira. W. Lu
    • Abstracting/ Indexing:  Crossref, Electronic Journals Library , EBSCO
    • E-mail: ijtef.editorial.office@gmail.com
IJTEF 2013 Vol.4(6): 398-402 ISSN: 2010-023X
DOI: 10.7763/IJTEF.2013.V4.325

A Second-Order Factor Gender-Measurement Invariance Analysis of Financial Exclusion in Ilorin, Nigeria

Adewale Abideen Adeyemi, Daud Mustafa, and Salami Luqman Oladipo

Abstract—This study examines a measurement invariance of a second-order factor models of financial exclusion among micro-entrepreneurs in Ilorin, Kwara State, Nigeria. Data elicited via a survey questionnaire was analysed using both the Statistical Package for Social Sciences (SPSS) 20.0 and Amos 20.0 software. The study revealed that financial exclusion as a second order factor is indicated by debt phobia, religion, financial complacency, and affordability and eligibility first order factors. Measurement invariance was tested based on gender via a set of hierarchically structured levels: a) configural invariance, b) metric invariance of both the firstorder and second-order models, c) intercepts of both the firstorder and second-order models, and d) residuals of both the first-order and second-order models. The groups were found to be invariant across the models. Moreover, based on t-test at alpha of 0.001, the latent mean difference tests of the second order model indicates no statistically significant difference on a path by path basis along gender divides. This provides a further questioning on the focus on women of financial inclusion programmes.

Index Terms—Financial exclusion, measurement invariance, micro-entrepreneurs, second-order factor.

Adewale Abideen Adeyemi is with International Islamic University, Malaysia (e-mail: abidewale@yahoo.com).

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Cite:Adewale Abideen Adeyemi, Daud Mustafa, and Salami Luqman Oladipo, "A Second-Order Factor Gender-Measurement Invariance Analysis of Financial Exclusion in Ilorin, Nigeria," International Journal of Trade, Economics and Finance vol.4, no.6, pp. 398-402, 2013.

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